The First Anthem – “Nigeria, We Hail Thee”
Upon achieving independence on 1 October 1960, Nigeria adopted its first official national anthem, “Nigeria, We Hail Thee”. Its lyrics were crafted by Lillian Jean Williams, a British expatriate working in Nigeria’s Ministry of Labour and Welfare, who donated the prize money to the Nigerian Red Cross.
The music was composed by Frances Benda, a pen name for Mrs Charles Kernot, a London-based music teacher and pianist. The anthem’s message reflected the optimism and unity of a newly sovereign nation. It affirmed the diversity of tribes and languages, yet emphasized brotherhood and justice, and carried a plea for peace and prosperity for future generations.
The Second Anthem – “Arise, O Compatriots”
In 1978, under the military government of General Olusegun Obasanjo, Nigeria transitioned to a new anthem: “Arise, O Compatriots”. This anthem emerged from a national contest, with lyrics assembled from submissions by five Nigerians — P. O. Aderibigbe, John A. Ilechukwu, Sota Omoigui, Eme Etim Akpan, and B. A. Ogunnaike — symbolizing a shift from foreign authorship to local ownership.
The music was composed by the Nigerian Police Band under the leadership of Benedict Elide “Pa” Odiase, a respected composer and Music Director; he was later honoured with a national award. The anthem’s words celebrated service, unity, endurance, and aspirations of peace and justice for the nation.
Symbolism and National Identity Through Lyrics
“Nigeria, We Hail Thee” emphasized post-independence ideals — trust, justice, communal identity despite differences, and a desire to pass down a nation “without stain” to the next generation. It acknowledged the ethnic and linguistic diversity while appealing to unity.
In contrast, “Arise, O Compatriots” focused on duty, the value of collective effort, and a forward-looking vision of a united, peaceful nation guided by divine blessing. Both anthems invoked a higher power to assist the nation in achieving harmony and ethical governance.
Reinstatement of the First Anthem in 2024
On 29 May 2024, Nigeria reverted to “Nigeria, We Hail Thee” following a bill swiftly passed by the National Assembly and signed into law by President Bola Tinubu. The decision sparked controversy due to its colonial authorship and the absence of public consultation, especially amid pressing economic and security challenges.
Critics viewed the move as symbolic gesture disconnected from national priorities, while supporters argued that restoring the pre-military anthem represented a return to foundational values and dignity.
Reflecting on Continuity and Change
Nigeria’s national anthems mirror its complex evolution — from a hopeful post-colonial era to a military-influenced assertion of national sovereignty, and back again to a pre-civil-war ideal. The anthem transitions reflect broader debates on identity, inclusivity, and the symbols that unite or divide.
While “Nigeria, We Hail Thee” echoes the early hopes of unity amid diversity, “Arise, O Compatriots” carried the weight of conflict and the resolve to forge a shared future. The 2024 reinstatement underscores ongoing discussions about history, legitimacy, and shared values in a diverse nation.
